Congenital Knee Dislocation at Birth - An Extraordinary Case of Spontaneous Reduction / Luxação congênita do joelho no nascimento - Um caso extraordinário de redução espontânea

Abstract Congenital knee dislocation (CKD) is a rare malformation characterized by hyperextension deformity of the knee with anterior tibia displacement, present at birth. Rarely reported, CKD might occur as an isolated deformity or commonly associated with musculoskeletal abnormalities, with the most common ones being developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and clubfoot. The etiology is unknown, but CKD has been associated with certain intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Treatment with conservative methods at an early stage is most likely to yield successful results. We report here a rare case of successful spontaneous reduction of CKD in an infant within 24 hours of life.

Resumo A luxação congênita do joelho (LCJ) é uma malformação rara caracterizada por deformidade de hiperextensão do joelho com deslocamento anterior da tíbia, presente ao nascimento. Raramente relatada, a LCJ pode ocorrer como uma deformidade isolada ou comumente associada a anormalidades musculoesqueléticas, sendo as mais comuns a displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril (DDQ) e o pé torto congênito (PTC). A etiologia é desconhecida, mas a LCJ foi associada a certos fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos. O tratamento com métodos conservadores em um estágio inicial tem maior probabilidade de produzir resultados bem-sucedidos. Relatamos aqui um caso raro de redução espontânea bem-sucedida de LCJ em um bebê nas suas primeiras 24 horas de vida.

Luxaciones complejas de codo con inestabilidad póstero-lateral: ¿cuáles son las mejores opciones de tratamiento? revisión bibliográfica sistematizada / Complex elbow dislocations with postero-lateral instability: what are the best treatment options? systematized bibliographic review / Luxações complexas do cotovelo com instabilidade póstero-lateral: quais são as melhores opções de tratamento? revisão bibliográfica sistematizada

Introducción: El 25% de las luxaciones de codo corresponden a luxaciones complejas, que se definen como aquellas luxaciones que se acompañan de lesiones óseas, siendo las mismas más inestables que la luxaciones puras o simples. Estas lesiones han planteado un importante desafío terapéutico, ya que históricamente se han obtenido pobres resultados funcionales. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la bibliografía acerca del tratamiento de las luxaciones complejas de codo con inestabilidad posterolateral, y valorar los resultados de las múltiples opciones terapéuticas. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó la búsqueda sistematizada utilizando el buscador PubMed, obteniéndose un total de 1450 artículos, de los cuales 32 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. Resultados: Los estudios analizados fueron de bajo nivel de evidencia, III o IV, correspondiendo en su mayoría a series de casos retrospectivos. Destaca la gran cantidad de variantes terapúticas existentes, con diferentes protocolos terapéuticos, que arrojan resultados funcionales similares. Conclusiones: Las luxaciones complejas del codo corresponden a lesiones complejas, capaces de causar secuelas funcionales importantes en los pacientes. El establecimiento de protocolos terapéuticos es clave para obtener mejores resultados funcionales.

Introduction: 25% of elbow dislocations correspond to complex dislocations, which are defined as those dislocations that are accompanied by bone injuries, being more unstable than pure or simple dislocations. These lesions have set an important therapeutic challenge, since historically poor functional results have been obtained. The objective of this study is to review the literature on the treatment of complex elbow dislocations with posterolateral instability, and to assess the results of the multiple therapeutic options. Materials and Methods: The systematized search was carried out using the Pubmed search engine, obtaining a total of 1450 articles, of which 32 met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The studies analyzed were of a low level of evidence, III or IV, corresponding mostly to retrospective case series. The large number of existing therapeutic variants stands out, with different therapeutic protocols, which yield similar functional results. Conclusions: Complex elbow dislocations correspond to complex injuries, capable of causing important functional sequelae in patients. The establishment of therapeutic protocols is key to obtaining better functional results.

Introdução: 25% das luxações do cotovelo correspondem a luxações complexas, que são definidas como aquelas luxações acompanhadas de lesões ósseas, sendo as mesmas mais instáveis ​​que as luxações puras ou simples. Essas lesões representam um importante desafio terapêutico, uma vez que resultados funcionais historicamente ruins têm sido obtidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a literatura sobre o tratamento das luxações complexas do cotovelo com instabilidade póstero-lateral e avaliar os resultados das múltiplas opções terapêuticas. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca sistematizada por meio do mecanismo de busca PubMed, obtendo-se um total de 1450 artigos, dos quais 32 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos. Resultados: Os estudos analisados ​​foram de baixo nível de evidência, III ou IV, correspondendo em sua maioria a séries de casos retrospectivas. Destaca-se o grande número de variantes terapêuticas existentes, com diferentes protocolos terapêuticos, que apresentam resultados funcionais semelhantes. Conclusões: As luxações complexas do cotovelo correspondem a lesões complexas, capazes de causar sequelas funcionais importantes nos pacientes. O estabelecimento de protocolos terapêuticos é fundamental para obter melhores resultados funcionais.

Traumatic Isolated Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Dislocation - Report of Two Clinical Cases / Luxação traumática isolada da articulação trapéziometacárpica - Relato de dois casos clínicos

Abstract Isolated thumb carpometacarpal joint dislocation is a rare lesion that accounts for less than 1% of all hand lesions. The authors present two cases of traumatic isolated thumb carpometacarpal joint dislocation. One of them was treated with closed reduction and cast immobilization, and the other was treated with closed reduction, Kirschner-wires pinning, and cast immobilization. The first patient had a good functional outcome and showed no signs of thumb carpometacarpal instability. The patient treated with Kirschner wires presented signs of clinical instability and radiological subluxation. Isolated thumb carpometacarpal dislocation is a rare lesion that can cause joint instability, which interferes with the normal function of the hand and can lead to articular degenerative changes. The best management of this lesion is still controversial, since there is lack of evidence in the literature showing superiority of one treatment over the other.

Resumo A luxação traumática isolada da articulação trapézio-metacárpica é uma lesão rara que faz parte de menos de 1% de todas as lesões de mãos. Os autores apresentam dois casos de luxação traumática isolada da articulação trapézio-metacárpica. Um dos casos foi tratado com redução fechada e imobilização com gesso, e o outro foi tratado com redução fechada, fixação com fios Kirschner, e imobilização com gesso. O primeiro paciente teve um bom resultado funcional e não mostrou sinais de instabilidade trapeziometacarpal. O paciente tratado com fios Kirschner apresentou sinais de instabilidade clínica e subluxação radiológica. A luxação isolada da articulação trapeziometacarpal é uma lesão rara que pode causar instabilidade articular que interfere com a funcionalidade normal da mão e pode resultar em mudanças articulares degenerativas. O melhor manejo dessa lesão ainda é controverso, já que ainda faltam evidências na literatura que mostrem a superioridade de um tratamento em relação ao outro.

Traumatic Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation in Adult: Case Report

Traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation (AARS) is generally found in pediatric patients, rarely found in adults, being a life-threatening condition especially when early diagnosis is not possible, which can lead to severe late neurological deficits.We describe a 38-year-old patient, victim of physical aggression caused by strangulation attempt who developed AARS, an uncommontraumatic cause. During the hospital care, the early diagnosis allowed us to institute a conservative treatment, which made the case uncommon, since most of the time surgical treatment is imperative. With the patient awake and under analgesia, a closed reduction was performed that promoted immediate pain relief, followed by a prescription of wearing a Philadelphia-type collar for 8 weeks. During the follow-up, cervical spine radiographies demonstrated no subluxation after removing the cervical collar. The patient was asymptomatic after 6months of treatment. This case supports the importance of nonoperative management of AARS in selected cases.

Luxaciones puras de codo en pacientes pediátricos: tratamiento conservador y complicaciones asociadas a una patología poco prevalente. Serie de 4 casos / Isolated elbow dislocation in pediatric patients: non-operative treatment and complications associated with an infrequent pathology. Series of 4 cases

Si bien el codo es la articulación más frecuentemente luxada en niños, representa el 3-6 % de las lesiones en ese sitio. Las luxaciones sin fracturas asociadas son muy raras y son producto de una caída con el codo en extensión. El paciente consulta por dolor, impotencia funcional y deformidad evidente. La finalidad del tratamiento es restaurar la congruencia articular, lograr estabilidad y minimizar los riesgos de posibles lesiones neurovasculares.Se presentan 4 pacientes tratados con manejo conservador con excelentes resultados funcionales, incluso aquel que presentó una neuropraxia del mediano con restitución ad integrum.Según nuestra experiencia, suelen ser lesiones con buena evolución. Se destaca la importancia de un rápido y preciso examen neurovascular, optando, de ser posible, por una conducta expectante ante las lesiones nerviosas. Se resalta la indicación de una inmovilización acotada con movilización temprana que evite rigidez del codo.

Even though the elbow is the most often dislocated joint in children, this injury accounts for 3-6 % of elbow pathology. Dislocations without associated fractures are extremely rare. They result from a fall onto an outstretched hand. The patient is always referred with a painful joint, movement impairment and even clinical deformity. Acute treatment aims to achieve quick reduction and adequate joint stability, avoiding neurovascular injuries.We sought to analyze the functional outcomes and the complications after non-operative treatment. Our 4 patien had excellent functional results at the latest follow-up, and one of them suffered from a median nerve palsy without further consequences.In our experience, these injuries presented excellent outcomes and we would like to highlight the importance of a quick and precise neurovascular examination with the possibility of non-surgical management of nerve injuries. A short period of immobilization with early rehabilitation should be indicated to avoid joint stiffness

Avaliação ortopédica e ultrassonográfica da estabilidade dos quadris de recém-nascidos encaminhados por pediatras, com suspeita de Displasia Típica do Desenvolvimento / Orthopedic and ultrasound assessment of hip stability of newborns referred by pediatricians with suspected Developmental Dysplasia

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar recém-nascidos com suspeita de instabilidade do quadril, encaminhados por pediatras a um serviço ortopédico terciário. Métodos: recém-nascidos de uma maternidade pública universitária, com suspeita de instabilidade ou fatores de risco para displasia do quadril, eram encaminhados ao Departamento de Ortopedia e Anestesiologia, Ribeirão Preto/SP, onde eram avaliados clinicamente e através de exames ultrassonográficos dos quadris. Constatada a displasia, iniciava-se o tratamento, e em casos em que havia apenas imaturidade do quadril e exame clínico normal, procedia-se à observação e re-exame clinico e ultrassonográfico com dois ou três meses de vida. Resultados: foram examinados 448 recém-nascidos, com predominância feminina e média de idade na primeira avaliação de 27 dias. A principal causa do encaminhamento foi apresentação pélvica. Em 8% havia sinal de Ortolani positivo e em 12,5% estalido no quadril. No exame ortopédico, 405 (90,5%) pacientes eram normais, 8,5% apresentavam estalido no quadril e 1,1% apresentavam teste de Ortolani positivo. À ultrassonografia, 368 (89,5%) apresentavam imaturidade, 26 (6,3%) tinham displasia moderada e em 17 (4,1%) pacientes os quadris eram francamente displásicos. Todos os casos com sinal de Ortolani positivo apresentavam quadro ultrassonográfico de displasia. Conclusão: houve excesso de diagnóstico de instabilidade do quadril na avaliação do pediatra, o que, no entanto, permitiu ao paciente uma segunda avaliação, em ambiente mais especializado e com mais recursos tecnológicos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate newborns with suspected hip instability, referred by pediatricians to a tertiary orthopedic service. Methods: newborns from a public university maternity hospital, with suspected instability or risk factors for hip dysplasia, were referred to the Department of Orthopedics and Anesthesiology, Ribeirão Preto/SP, where we evaluated them clinically and through ultrasound examinations of the hips. Once we found dysplasia, we initiated treatment, and in cases in which there was only hip immaturity and normal clinical examination, we performed clinical and ultrasound observation and review at two or three months of age. Results: we examined 448 newborns, with female predominance and average age at first evaluation of 27 days. The main cause of referral was pelvic presentation at delivery. In 8% there was a positive Ortolani sign and in 12.5%,. At orthopedic examination, 405 (90.5%) patients were normal, 8.5% had hip click and 1.1% had positive Ortolani test. At ultrasound, 368 (89.5%) had immaturity, 26 (6.3%) had moderate dysplasia and in 17 (4.1%) patients the hips were frankly dysplastic. All cases with positive Ortolani sign showed dysplasia at ultrasound. Conclusion: there was an excess diagnosis of hip instability in the pediatrician evaluation, which, however, allowed the patient a second assessment, in a more specialized environment and with more technological resources.

Temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction: a review of mechanisms and clinical presentation

Abstract Disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) is one of the most common intra-articular disorders of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Factors related to the etiology, progression and treatment of such condition is still a subject of discussion. This literature review aimed to address etiology, development, related factors, diagnosis, natural course, and treatment of DDWR. A non-systematic search was conducted within PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Medline, LILACS and Science Direct using the Medical Subjective Headings (MeSH) terms "temporomandibular disorders", "temporomandibular joint", "disc displacement" and "disc displacement with reduction". No time restriction was applied. Literature reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analysis and clinical trials were included. DDWR is usually asymptomatic and requires no treatment, since the TMJ structures adapt very well and painlessly to different disc positions. Yet, long-term studies have shown the favorable progression of this condition, with no pain and/or jaw locking occurring in most of the patients.

Inestabilidad postraumática de codo: revisión bibliográfica / Post-traumatic instability of the elbow: review / Instabilidade pós-traumática do cotovelo: revisão bibliográfica

Introducción: Las luxaciones constituyen del 10 % al 25 % de todas las lesiones en el codo. Aproximadamente el 15% de los pacientes que la han sufrido quedan con algún síntoma compatible con inestabilidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar en la literatura los diferentes tratamientos propuestos para esta complicación luego de una luxación simple de codo. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos: Medline (interfase Pub-Med) y Bireme para estudios de los últimos diez años. Se seleccionaron los artículos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, extrayendo de ellos los datos relevantes y resultados. La búsqueda arrojó un total de 596 artículos de los cuales 10 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión propuestos al iniciar la búsqueda. Discusión: Se analizaron y compararon las tasas de inestabilidad luego de la luxación, los diferentes tipos de tratamiento y las complicaciones. Conclusión: Existe consenso en la literatura analizada de que debe realizarse un examen de estabilidad del codo en agudo para definir el tratamiento. En cuanto al tratamiento en los codos que se presentan inestables la literatura es variable y faltan estudios comparativos para realizar recomendaciones.

Introduction: Dislocations are 10% to 25% of all elbow injuries. Up to 15% of patients with symptoms of instability can be observed. The aim of this study is to review in the literature the different treatments proposed for this complication after a simple elbow dislocation. Materials and Methods: The search was conducted on: Medline (PubMed interface) and Bireme including the last ten years studies. Articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected, and the relevant data and results were extracted. We found a total of 596 articles, 10 met the inclusion criteria proposed at the start of the search. Discussion: We analyzed and compared the rates of instability after dislocation, the different types of treatment and complications. Conclusion: There is consensus in the analyzed literature that an elbow stability test should be performed in acute conditions to define the treatment.Comparative studies are lacking for recommending a definite treatment for elbow instability.

Introdução: Dislocaçõessão de 10% a 25% de todas as lesões no cotovelo. Aproximadamente 15% dos pacientes ficam com algum síntoma compatívelcom instabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é rever na literatura os diferentes tratamentos propostos para esta complicação a pósuma simples deslocação do cotovelo. Materiais e métodos: Uma pesquisa foi feita em bancos de dados: Medline (interface Pub-Med) e Bireme para estudos dos últimos dez anos. Foram selecionados artigos que atendem a os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, extraindo os dados relevantes e os resultados deles. A busca gerou um total de 596 artigos, dos quais 10 atendem a os critérios de incluso propostos no início da pesquisa. Discussão: Analisamos e comparamos as taxas de instabilidade após deslocamento, os diferentes tipos de tratamento e complicações. Conclusão: Existe consenso na literatura analisada segundo a qualum teste de estabilidade do cotobelo deve ser realizado em agudos para definir o tratamento. Sobre o tratamento os cotovelo sin stáveis a literatura é diversa e faltam estudos comparativos para realizar recomendações.

Myofascial trigger points in patients with temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Objective The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in patients with articular disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) and to identify which clinical variables are associated with the concomitant presence of DDWR and MTrPs. Material and Methods 130 patients were selected that sought treatment due to joint pain, with ages ≥18 years, of both genders, with DDWR confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The sample was divided into two groups: Group 1, patients with DDWR and MTrPs (N=101); and Group 2, patients with DDWR and no MTrPs (N=29). Information on gender, age, pain duration, pain scores, and maximal interincisal distance (MID) were collected. The logistic regression model was used and the odds ratios (OR) was calculated (p<0.05). Results Group 1 presented statistically significant higher mean pain scores (p=0.007), and smaller MID (p=0.0268) than Group 2. OR were significant for the pain scores (1.429), MID (0.937) and gender (women) (2.810). Conclusions Patients with DDWR and MTrPs had increased pain scores and a MID decrease compared to patients with DDWR and no MTrPs. The variables pain scores, MID, and gender (women) showed a significant association with the concomitant presence of DDWR and MTrPs.

Luxación convergente en codo pediátrico: Reporte de dos casos / Convergent luxation in pediatric elbow. Report of two cases

Se presentan dos casos clínicos y la revisión de la literatura actual sobre luxación convergente de codo. En el primer caso, se muestra cómo un retraso en el diagnóstico conducirá a una reducción abierta y fijación con agujas de Kirschner, mientras que un diagnóstico temprano permite la reducción cerrada y el tratamiento conservador como se describe en el segundo caso. La clave de diagnóstico para la luxación convergente de codo radica en la correcta interpretación de las radiografías y el bloque de prono-supinación en el examen físico. Se recomienda el uso de indometacina para evitar calcificaciones heterotópicas. El resultado final es mejor cuando el diagnóstico es precoz, independientemente del método de reducción. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

We describe two clinical cases and review the available literature on convergent elbow dislocation. Our first case shows how a delay in the diagnosis will lead to an open reduction and internal fixation with K-wires. On the other hand, an early diagnosis prompts a closed reduction without fixation as it is described in the second case. The diagnostic key for the convergent dislocation of the elbow lies in the correct interpretation of radiographs and the prono-supination block on physical examination. The use of indomethacin is recommended to avoid heterotopic calcifications. The final outcome is better when an early diagnosis is achieved regardless of the reduction method. Level of Evidence: IV

Metrical analysis of disc-condyle relation with different splint treatment positions in patients with TMJ disc displacement

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of bite positions characterizing different splint treatments (anterior repositioning and stabilization splints) on the disc-condyle relation in patients with TMJ disc displacement with reduction (DDwR), using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Material and Methods: 37 patients, with a mean age of 18.8±4.3 years (7 male and 30 females) and diagnosed with DDwR based on the RDC/TMD, were recruited. MRI metrical analysis of the spatial changes of the disc/condyle, as well as their relationships, was done in three positions: maximum intercuspation (Position 1), anterior repositioning splint position (Position 2), and stabilization splint position (Position 3). Disc/condyle coordinate measurements and disc condyle angles were determined and compared. Results: In Position 1, the average disc-condyle angle was 53.4° in the 60 joints with DDwR, while it was −13.3° with Position 2 and 30.1° with Position 3. The frequency of successful "disc recapture" with Position 2 was significantly higher (58/60, 96.7%) than Position 3 (20/60, 33.3%). In Positions 2 and 3, the condyle moved forward and downward while the disc moved backward. The movements were, however, more remarkable with Position 2. Conclusions: Anterior repositioning of the mandible improves the spatial relationship between the disc and condyle in patients with DDwR. In addition to anterior and inferior movement of the condyle, transitory posterior movement of the disc also occurred.

Luxación de la articulación interfalángica proximal del hallux con interposición de un hueso sesamoideo: una revisión bibliográfica / Dislocation of the proximal hallux interphalangeal joint with interposition of a sesamoid bone: a blibliographic review

Resumen: La luxación irreductible de la articulación interfalángica del hallux es una patología poco frecuente y hay pocos casos descritos. Se presenta como una luxación dorsal con interposición del sesamoideo; éste puede ser radiológicamente indetectable. Reportamos el caso de un paciente de 29 años que tras un traumatismo deportivo presentó una luxación interfalángica del hallux que pasó desapercibida hasta el octavo día. Al igual que en varios casos descritos en la literatura, no se pudo realizar una reducción cerrada, por lo que se procedió a una reducción abierta por una incisión dorsal. Una revisión bibliográfica revela que existen varias opciones terapéuticas, al igual que múltiples tipos de abordajes, y que estas lesiones generalmente presentan un buen pronóstico.

Abstract: The irreducible dislocation of the hallux interphalangeal joint is an infrequent condition and only a few cases have been described. It presents as dorsal dislocation with interposition of the sesamoid bone, which has the possibility of being radiologically undetectable. We present the case of a 29 year-old patient who, after a sports trauma sustained a hallux interphalangeal dislocation that went unnoticed for eight days. Since, closed reduction was not possible, as occurred in several cases reported in the literature, open reduction was performed through a dorsal incision. Based on a bibliographic review, it is possible to state that there are several treatment options and multiple approaches, and that these lesions usually have a good prognosis.

Manual reduction of articular disc after traumatic extraction of mandibular third molar: a case report

Introduction: Disc displacement without reduction with limited opening is an intracapsular biomechanical disorder involving the condyle-disc complex. With the mouth closed, the disc is in an anterior position in relation to the condylar head and does not reduce with mouth opening. This disorder is associated with persistent limited mandibular opening.Case report:The patient presented severe limitation to fully open the mouth, interfering in her ability to eat. Clinical examination also revealed maximum assisted jaw opening (passive stretch) with less than 40 mm of maximum interincisal opening. Magnetic resonance imaging was the method of choice to identify the temporomandibular disorders.Conclusion: By means of reporting this rare case of anterior disc displacement without reduction with limited opening, after traumatic extraction of a mandibular third molar, in which manual reduction of temporomandibular joint articular disc was performed, it was possible to prove that this technique is effective in the prompt restoration of mandibular movements.

Introdução: o deslocamento do disco articular sem redução com abertura limitada é uma desordem intracapsular que envolve o complexo côndilo-disco. Na posição de boca fechada, o disco articular se encontra numa posição anterior em relação à cabeça da mandíbula e não sofre redução com a abertura de boca. Essa desordem está associada à abertura mandibular limitada e persistente.Caso clínico:o paciente relatava travamento da mandíbula que não permitia uma abertura completa da boca, interferindo, assim, na capacidade de se alimentar. Também era possível observar-se uma abertura assistida (alongamento passivo) com uma distância vertical menor que 40 mm entre os incisivos. A ressonância magnética foi o método de escolha para o diagnóstico das desordens temporomandibulares.Conclusão:por meio da descrição de um caso raro de deslocamento anterior do disco articular sem redução e com abertura limitada, após exodontia traumática do terceiro molar inferior, em que foi realizada a redução manual do disco articular da articulação temporomandibular, provou-se ser essa uma técnica eficaz no rápido restabelecimento dos movimentos mandibulares.

Management of painful temporomandibular joint clicking with different intraoral devices and counseling: a controlled study

Objective The benefit of the use of some intraoral devices in arthrogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients is still unknown. This study assessed the effectiveness of the partial use of intraoral devices and counseling in the management of patients with disc displacement with reduction (DDWR) and arthralgia.Materials and Methods A total of 60 DDWR and arthralgia patients were randomly divided into three groups: group I (n=20) wore anterior repositioning occlusal splints (ARS); group II (n=20) wore the Nociceptive Trigeminal Inhibition Clenching Suppression System devices (NTI-tss); and group III (n=20) only received counseling for behavioral changes and self-care (the control group). The first two groups also received counseling. Follow-ups were performed after 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months. In these sessions, patients were evaluated by means of a visual analogue scale, pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), maximum range of motion and TMJ sounds. Possible adverse effects were also recorded, such as discomfort while using the device and occlusal changes. The results were analyzed with ANOVA, Tukey’s and Fisher Exact Test, with a significance level of 5%.Results Groups I and II showed improvement in pain intensity at the first follow-up. This progress was recorded only after 3 months in Group III. Group II showed an increased in joint sounds frequency. The PPT values, mandibular range of motion and the number of occlusal contacts did not change significantly.Conclusion The simultaneous use of intraoral devices (partial time) plus behavioral modifications seems to produce a more rapid pain improvement in patients with painful DDWR. The use of NTI-tss could increase TMJ sounds. Although intraoral devices with additional counseling should be considered for the management of painful DDWR, dentists should be aware of the possible side effects of the intraoral device’s design.

Comparison of two analgesia protocols for the treatment of pediatric orthopedic emergencies / Comparação de dois protocolos de analgesia para tratamento de emergências ortopédicas pediátricas

SummaryObjective:to compare the efficacy of two analgesia protocols (ketamine versus morphine) associated with midazolam for the reduction of dislocations or closed fractures in children.Methods:randomized clinical trial comparing morphine (0.1mg/kg; max 5mg) and ketamine (2.0mg/kg, max 70mg) associated with midazolam (0.2mg/kg; max 10mg) in the reduction of dislocations or closed fractures in children treated at the pediatrics emergency room (October 2010 and September 2011). The groups were compared in terms of the times to perform the procedures, analgesia, parent satisfaction and orthopedic team.Results:13 patients were allocated to ketamine and 12 to morphine, without differences in relation to age, weight, gender, type of injury, and pain scale before the intervention. There was no failure in any of the groups, no differences in time to start the intervention and overall procedure time. The average hospital stay time was similar (ketamine = 10.8+5.1h versus morphine = 12.3+4.4hs; p=0.447). The median pain (faces pain scale) scores after the procedure was 2 in both groups. Amnesia was noted in 92.3% (ketamine) and 83.3% (morphine) (p=0.904). Parents said they were very satisfied in relation to the analgesic intervention (84.6% in the ketamine group and 66.6% in the morphine group; p=0.296). The satisfaction of the orthopedist regarding the intervention was 92.3% in the ketamine group and 75% in the morphine group (p=0.222).Conclusion:by producing results similar to morphine, ketamine can be considered as an excellent option in pain management and helps in the reduction of dislocations and closed fractures in pediatric emergency rooms.

ResumoObjetivo:comparar a eficácia de dois protocolos de analgesia (cetamina versus morfina) associados ao midazolam para a redução de luxações ou fraturas fechadas em crianças.Métodos:ensaio clínico randomizado comparando morfina (0,1 mg/kg; máx. 5 mg) e cetamina (2,0 mg/kg; máx. 70 mg) associados a midazolam (0,2 mg/kg; máx. 10 mg) na redução de luxações ou fraturas fechadas em crianças atendidas em emergência pediátrica, no período de outubro de 2010 a setembro de 2011. Os grupos foram comparados segundo os seguintes indicadores: tempo para realizar os procedimentos, analgesia, satisfação de pais e da equipe ortopédica.Resultados:treze pacientes foram alocados para cetamina e 12 para morfina, sem diferenças em relação a idade, peso, gênero, tipo de lesão e escala da dor antes da intervenção. Não houve falha em nenhum dos grupos, sem diferenças no tempo para iniciar a intervenção e no tempo total de procedimento. O tempo médio de hospitalização foi similar (cetamina=10,8±5,1 h versus morfina=12,3±4,4 h; p=0,447). A mediana de dor (escala de faces da dor) após o procedimento foi de 2 em ambos os grupos. Amnésia foi observada em 92,3% (cetamina) e 83,3% (morfina) (p=0,904). Os pais declararam estar muito satisfeitos em relação à intervenção analgésica (84,6% no grupo cetamina e 66,6% no grupo morfina; p=0,296). A satisfação do ortopedista em relação à intervenção foi de 92,3% no grupo cetamina e 75% no grupo da morfina (p=0,222).Conclusão:a cetamina, ao apresentar resultados semelhantes à morfina, pode ser considerada uma excelente opção no manejo da dor e no auxílio da redução de luxações e fraturas fechadas em salas de emergência pediátrica.

Luxación aislada del escafoides / Isolated dislocation of the scaphoid

El funcionamiento armónico de la mano desempeña un papel fundamental para el desarrollo de la vida del hombre. En la sociedad moderna las lesiones a este nivel, a pesar de su baja incidencia, son causa frecuente de discapacidad funcional. Se presenta un paciente de piel blanca, masculino, de 38 años, atendido tras un trauma de alta energía con hiperflexión forzada de la muñeca secundaria al mismo. Se diagnosticó una luxación aislada del escafoides que se reduce bajo anestesia con ayuda del intensificador de imágenes. Se inmoviliza con férula braquial, tomando primer dedo, por seis semanas y posteriormente comienza proceso de rehabilitación. El tratamiento oportuno y adecuado de la patología mencionada es indispensable para obtener los mejores resultados, en la recuperación funcional.

The smooth functioning of the hand plays a key role for the development of human life. In modern society, injuries at this level, despite their low incidence, are a frequent cause of disability. A white male patient, aged 38 is presented here. He was assisted after a high-energy trauma, forced high wrist hyperflexion. An isolated dislocation of the scaphoid was diagnosed, which is reduced under anesthesia using the image intensifier. It is immobilized with brachial splint, taking first finger for six weeks and then rehabilitation process. Timely and adequate treatment of this disease is essential to get the best results in functional recovery.

Sugestão de um novo protocolo terapêutico para dentes permanentes com ápices não completamente formados, acometidos por luxação lateral / Suggestion of a new therapeutic protocol for permanent teeth with fully formed apices not, affected by dislocation

O presente estudo tem por finalidade apresentar o relato de um caso clínico de um dente permanente, com rizogênese incompleta, acometido por luxação lateral, tratado endodonticamente por meio de: protocolo terapêutico que associa hidróxido de cálcio, clorexidina gel a 2% e óxido de zinco (na proporção de 2:1:2) como medicação intracanal, sem necessidade de substituições. A medicação normalmente utilizada no tratamento convencional de apicificação prevê trocas frequentes da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio agregado a um veículo aquoso, viscoso ou oleoso. Para a medicação proposta neste artigo, a renovação da pasta não se fez necessária. Os autores concluíram que este protocolo é eficaz para tratamento de dente permanente com ápice aberto, pois obteve-se a manutenção do elemento dentário na cavidade bucal, cumprindo suas funções estéticas e mastigatórias, com uma diminuição no custo do tratamento e nas etapas do atendimento

Fractures of the cervical spine

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the literature on cervical spine fractures. METHODS: The literature on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of lower and upper cervical fractures and dislocations was reviewed. RESULTS: Fractures of the cervical spine may be present in polytraumatized patients and should be suspected in patients complaining of neck pain. These fractures are more common in men approximately 30 years of age and are most often caused by automobile accidents. The cervical spine is divided into the upper cervical spine (occiput-C2) and the lower cervical spine (C3-C7), according to anatomical differences. Fractures in the upper cervical spine include fractures of the occipital condyle and the atlas, atlanto-axial dislocations, fractures of the odontoid process, and hangman's fractures in the C2 segment. These fractures are characterized based on specific classifications. In the lower cervical spine, fractures follow the same pattern as in other segments of the spine; currently, the most widely used classification is the SLIC (Subaxial Injury Classification), which predicts the prognosis of an injury based on morphology, the integrity of the disc-ligamentous complex, and the patient's neurological status. It is important to correctly classify the fracture to ensure appropriate treatment. Nerve or spinal cord injuries, pseudarthrosis or malunion, and postoperative infection are the main complications of cervical spine fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Fractures of the cervical spine are potentially serious and devastating if not properly treated. Achieving the correct diagnosis and classification of a lesion is the first step toward identifying the most appropriate treatment, which can be either surgical or conservative. .

Outcomes of autogenous blood injection in the treatment of recurrent dislocation of temporomandibular joint [TMJ]

Recurrent Temporomandibular dislocation has been managed in the past with both surgical and non-surgical modalities. The objective of this study was to assess the functional results of autologous blood injection into the joint space for recurrent TMJ dislocation. This study was conducted in the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nishter Institute of Dentistry Multan from July 2011 to July 2012. A total of eleven patients of recurrent dislocation of jaw were managed by autogenous injection of blood into glenoid fossa with temporary intermaxillary fixation for 15 days. All patients were female with mean age 40.18+7.83 years [range from 30 to 55 year]. Diagnosis was made by clinical and radiographic judgment of OPG. The major cause of dislocation was prolonged forceful opening of jaw. Functional assessment was performed by clinical assessment after opening and closing of jaw. Mouth opening was assessed by measurement of interincisal distance pre and post operatively. Outcome measures of interincisal distance are done by inch tape and other outcomes were assessed by clinical judgment. Data was analysed using SPSS version 15. In one patient dislocation recurred after three months of procedure but frequency of dislocation reduced. In another patient dislocation occurred immediately after release of intermaxillary fixation. In other patients recurrence did not occurred after release of intermaxillary fixation at 6 months follow up. No significant treatment complication occurred. Pain on injection and swelling occurred in all patients for a brief period. Autogenous blood injection in glenoid fossa with intermaxillary fixation for 15 days is asafe and effective treatment in cases of recurrent dislocation of TMJ

Traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation in adults: report of two cases and literature review / Subluxación atlantoaxial rotatoria traumática en adultos: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura

Atlantoaxial subluxation is defined as an instability of the atlas (C1) over the axis (C2), due to failure or rupture of the ligament complex in the C1-C2 joint. It occurs most frequently in childhood, due to atlantoaxial ligament laxity, a common condition at this age group and may have traumatic or nontraumatic causes. The clinical features of this entity are the presence of upper cervical pain, limitation of neck mobility, torticollis and muscle spasm. The treatment of rotatory subluxation should be individualized because there is no evidence in the literature showing the superiority of a particular therapeutic proposal. In this study we describe two cases of atlantoaxial subluxation of traumatic origin in adults and review the literature regarding the main aspects of this entity.

Subluxación atlantoaxial se define a una inestabilidad del atlas (C1) sobre el axis (C2), debido a un fallo o rotura del complejo del ligamento de la articulación C1-C2. Es más frecuente en la infancia, debido a la laxitud del ligamento atlantoaxial, una condición común en este grupo de edad y puede tener causas traumáticas o no traumáticas. Las características clínicas de esta entidad son la presencia de dolor cervical superior, limitación de la movilidad del cuello, tortícolis y los espasmos musculares. El tratamiento de la subluxación rotatoria debe ser individualizado en porque no hay una evidencia en la literatura que muestra la superioridad de una propuesta terapéutica en particular. En este estudio se describen dos casos de subluxación atlantoaxial de origen traumático en adultos y se hace una revisión de la literatura respecto a los principales aspectos de esta entidad.